P1 医疗方式

P2 The History of Automobiles 汽车发展史 （2009.8.13旧题重现，最近一次考察是在2018年11月10日）

P3 新西兰物种入侵

 

朗阁名师吴苏哲点评

1. 本次考试整体程度为中上等，其中前两篇较简单，最后一篇偏难。

2. 整体分析：涉及科学（P1）历史（P2）和环境（P3）

3. 主要题型：12月的第一场考试在题型上延续了今年考试的重点，主流基础题型依然为摘要题和判断题。其中，摘要题分布于P2和P3中，值得注意的是P2出现的填空题为较少出现的简答题，考生可能对此熟悉度不如常见的Summary填空和Summary选择题类型。此外，判断题则保持近期一贯的两组出题风格，为 P1—T/F/NG及P3—Y/N/NG。本次考试乱序题考得较多，其中Heading题出在难度较低的第一篇，人名观点配对题出在难度较低的第二篇（且15-18题的答案出处恰巧顺序，较为好找），而Matching细节配对题出在难度较高的第三篇。本次考试单选题考察得相对较少。

 

P1医疗方式

文章主旨：对于一种医疗方式的介绍

包含Heading题，判断题，选择题

考题及参考答案：待补充

 

P2 The History of Automobiles 汽车发展史

文章主旨: 汽车从18世纪末期到现代的发展历史

包含人名观点配对题5题，简答题7题，单选1题

参考答案:

人名观点配对 15-19

15.D

16.A

17.B

18.G

19.C

 

Summary简答 20-26

20.Petrol-fueled internal combustion

21.Token of identity

22.1 hour 33 minutes

23.Polluting gas-guzzler

24.Oil crisis

25.Power

26.Fuel

 

单选 27

27.B

 

原文及考题内容参考：

The History of Automobiles

 

A The history of the automobile begins as early as 1769, with the creation of steam engined automobiles capable of human transport. In 1806, the first cars powered by an internal combustion engine running on fuel gas appeared, which led to the introduction in 1885 of the ubiquitous modern petrol-fueled internal combustion engines.

 

B It is generally acknowledged that the first really practical automobiles with petrol/gasoline-powered internal combustion engines were completed almost simultaneously by several German inventors working independently: Karl Benz built his first automobile in 1885 in Mannheim. Benz was granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886, and began the first production of automobiles in 1888 in a company later became the famous Mercedes-Benz.

 

C At the beginning of the century the automobile entered the transportation market for the rich. The drivers of the day were an adventurous lot, going out in every kind of weather, unprotected by an enclosed body, or even a convertible top. Everyone in town knew who owned what car and the cars were soon to become each individual's token of identity. However, it became increasingly popular among the general population because it gave travelers the freedom to travel when they wanted to and where they wanted. As a result, in North America and Europe the automobile became cheaper and more accessible to the middle class. This was facilitated by Henry Ford who did two important things. First he priced his car to be as affordable as possible and second, he paid his workers enough to be able to purchase the cars they were manufacturing.

 

D The assembly line style of mass production and interchangeable parts had been pioneered in the U.S. This concept was greatly expanded by Henry Ford, beginning in 1914. The large-scale, production-line manufacturing of affordable automobiles was debuted Ford's cars came off the line in fifteen minute intervals, much faster than previous methods, increasing productivity eightfold (requiring 12.5 man-hours before, 1 hour 33 minutes after), while using less manpower. Ford's complex safety procedures—especially assigning each worker to a specific location instead of allowing them to roam about—dramatically reduced the rate of injury. The combination of high wages and high efficiency is called "Fordism," and was copied by most major industries.

 

E The original Jeep vehicle that first appeared as the prototype Bantam BRC became the primary light 4-wheel-drive vehicle of the United States Army and Allies and made a huge leap in sale during World War IT, as well as the postwar period. Many Jeep variants serving similar military and civilian roles have since been created and kept being improved on general performance in other nations.

 

F Throughout the 1950s, engine power and vehicle speeds rose, designs became more integrated and artful, and cars spread across the world. The market changed somewhat in the 1960s, as Detroit began to worry about foreign competition, the European makers adopted ever-higher technology, and Japan appeared as a serious car-producing nation. General Motors, Chrysler, and Ford tried radical small cars, like the GM A-bodies, but had little success. Captive imports and badge engineering swept through the US and UK as amalgamated groups like the British Motor Corporation consolidated the market. BMC's revolutionary space-saving Mini, which first appeared in 1959, captured large sales worldwide. Minis were marketed under the Austin and Morris names, until Mini became a marque in its own right in 1969. The trend for corporate consolidation reached Italy as niche makers like Maserati, Ferrari, and Lancia were acquired by larger companies. By the end of the decade, the number of automobile marques had been greatly reduced.

 

G In America, performance became a prime focus of marketing, exemplified by pony cars and muscle cars. But everything changed in the 1970s as the 1973 oil crisis, automobile emissions control rules, Japanese and European imports, and stagnant innovation wreaked havoc on the American industry. Though somewhat ironically, full-size sedans staged a major comeback in the years between the energy crisis, with makes such as Cadillac and Lincoln staging their best sales years ever in the late 70s. Small performance cars from BMW, Toyota, and Nissan took the place of big-engined cars from America and Italy.

H On the technology front, the biggest developments in Post-war era were the widespread use of independent suspensions, wider application of fuel injection, and an increasing focus on safety in the design of automobiles. The hottest technologies of the 1960s were NSU's "Wankel engine", the gas turbine, and the turbocharger. Of these, only the last, pioneered by General Motors but popularised by BMW and Saab, was to see widespread use. Mazda had much success with its "Rotary" engine which, however, acquired a reputation as a polluting gas-guzzler. Other Wankel licensees, including Mercedes-Benz and General Motors, never put their designs into production after the 1973 oil crisis. (Mazda's hydrogen-fuelled successor was later to demonstrate potential as an "ultimate eco-car".) Rover and Chrysler both produced experimental gas turbine cars to no effect.

 

I The modern era has also seen rapidly rising fuel efficiency and engine output. Once the automobile emissions concerns of the 1970s were conquered with computerized engine management systems, power began to rise rapidly. In the 1980s, a powerful sports car might have produced 200 horsepower (150 kW) - just 20 years later, average passenger cars have engines that powerful, and some performance models offer three times as much power.

 

J Most automobiles in use today are propelled by an internal combustion engine, fueled by gasoline or diesel. Both fuels are known to cause air pollution and are also blamed for contributing to climate change and global warming. Rapidly increasing oil prices, concerns about oil dependence, tightening environmental laws and restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions are propelling work on alternative power systems for automobiles. Efforts to improve or replace existing technologies include the development of hybrid vehicles, plug-in electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles. Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some countries.

 

Questions 15-19

Look at the following statements (Questions 15-19) and the list of auto companies or car types in the box belong:

Match each statement with the correct person A-G

Write the appropriate letter A-G in boxes 15-19 on your answer sheet.

15. The company which began the first manufacture of automobiles

16. The company that produces the industrialized cars that consumers can afford

17. The example of auto which improved the space room efficiency

18. The type of auto with greatest upgraded overall performance in Post-war era

19. The type of autos still keeping an advanced sale even during a seemingly unproductive period

A. The Ford (American, Henry Ford)

B. The BMC's Mini

C. Cadillac and Lincoln (American)

D. Mercedes-Benz (German)

E. Mazda

F. Jeep

G. NSU's "Wankel engine" car

H. Mascrati, Ferrari, and Iancia

Questions 20-26

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet.

20. What is a common feature of modem cars' engine type since late 19th century

21. In the past, what did the rich take owing a car as?

22. How long did Ford's assembly line take to produce a car?

23. What does people call the Mazda car designed under Wankel engine?

24. What is the major historical event that led American cars to suffer when competing with Japanese imported cars?

25. What has greatly increased with computerized engine management systems?

26. What factor is blamed for contributing to pollution, climate change and global warming?

Questions 27

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

Write your answers in boxes 27 on your answer sheet

27 What is the main idea of this passage?

A. the historical contribution of the Ford's mass production assembly line

B. the historical development and innovation in car designs

C. the beginning of the modern designed gasoline engines

D. the history of human and the Auto industry

 

P3 新西兰物种入侵

文章主旨: 外来老鼠的入侵导致了新西兰的一种生物灭绝

包含Matching题，判断题和Summary选择题

考题及参考答案: 待补充

 

考试预测

1. 本场考试难度为中等偏上，文章选材涉及科学和历史类，考生可在备考时关注相应高频主题词。

2. 此次考试中，三篇文章一旧两新。第二篇文章为2009年的旧题，而这题在一个月前的2018年的11月10日刚好又考了一次，由此足以见得机经的重要性。考生复习备考时可借机经熟悉雅思阅读真题文章行文思路和逻辑，辅助深化理解。

3. 从题型方面来看，P1中为Heading组合判断和选择两个顺序题，不妨先做顺序题，再做Heading题。P2为人名观点配对，摘要题和选择题的组合。其中，人名观点配对题相对简单，不过，P2中出现的摘要题不是考生所熟知且大量练习过的Summary填空或者选择题，而是较少出现的简答类，因此可能会对平时此类题型练习较少的考生产生一些阻碍。考生主要反馈第三篇文章偏难，可能是因为对于较难Matching题题型的做题方法“打包法”掌握还不够熟练，以及在做顺序题时，定位和同义替换还不够流畅。因此考生在平时做题训练时可以加强对文章精读练习，熟悉各类型文章出题思路行文逻辑，提升阅读速度，并且平时刷题练习时一定要注意时间的把握控制以适应考试时的紧张感。

4. 下场考试的话题可能有关人物传记和社会文化类话题。

5.重点浏览14-16年机经。

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