1. abrupt = sudden 突然的

2. accordingly = correspondingly 相应地

3. accounts for =explains 解释

4. accumulating = collecting 积累

5. acknowledge = admit 承认

6. additional=supplementary补充的

7. adjacent = nearby邻近的

8. adverse = unfavorable = negative 不利的

9. advocated = promoted 提倡、鼓励

10. aggregation = accumulation 积聚

11. aided = helped 帮助

12. alleged = supposed 所谓的

13. ambiguous = can be interpreted in more than one way 可以用多种方式解释的

14. analogous = similar to 与...相似

15. apparent = obvious = evident = clear 明显的

16. apparently affects = seem to affect 似乎影响了...

17. at intervals = periodically时不时地

18. autonomous = independent 独立自主的

19. avid = enthusiastic 热心的

20. bizarre = strange 奇怪的

21. breakthrough = development 突破，发展

22. ceases = stops 停止

23. classic=typical典型的

24. cluster = group 群

25. commonplace = ordinary 平凡的

26. compelled = required 强迫的

27. compensates for = makes up for 弥补

28. complexity = sophistication复杂

29. components = pieces 组成部分

30. conceivable = imaginable 可想象的

31. Consequently = therefore 因此

32. constant = occurring periodically 连续的

33. constrained/restricted/limited to = forced to 受约束，被迫

34. consumed=used up消耗（尽）

35. consumption = use of products and services 消耗，消费

36. contribute to=add to促进

37. controversial = debatable 有争议的

38. conversely = on the other hand 相反

39. corresponds to = matches匹配 = agrees with 符合

40. counter = combat对抗，敌对

41. coupled with = added to 加上

42. crucial = very important = significant = considerable 重要的

43. crude = primitive 原始的

44. deliberately = intentionally 故意地

45. detach = separate 使分离

46. detected =discovered 发现、探明

47. discrete = separate不连续的

48. dismiss = reject 拒绝

49. distinct = clear 清楚的 = separate 不同的，各自的

50. edge = advantage 优势

51. elaborate = complex 复杂精细的

52. eminent = distinguished 卓越的

53. enabling = allowing = making possible使可能

54. encountered = came into contact with 遇见

55. monumental = enormous = huge = extensive =large 巨大的

56. ensured = guaranteed 确保

57. erased = eliminated 消除

58. eventually = finally 最终

59. evolved = developed 进化，发展

60. excessively = extremely 极度地

61. exclusively = solely = only 仅仅

62. exhaust=use up=extremely tire 使耗尽

63. exhibit = display 展现

64. exploited = used 利用

65. faithfully= accurately准确地，真实地

66. feasible = practical 可行的

67. fostered= encouraged 促进、鼓励

68. frigid =cold 寒冷的

69. furthermore=in addition此外

70. gradual = slow 缓慢的

71. harsh = severe 严重的

72. hazardous = dangerous 危险的

73. hierarchy = system of ranking 等级制度

74. ideally = perfectly 理想地

75. implement = carry out 实施

76. implications = consequences 暗示（的结果）

77. impressive = striking 引人瞩目的

78. in essence = basically 本质上

79. in profusion = prolifically = abundantly = substantially = considerably = sufficiently = significantly 大量的

80. incited = stimulated 刺激

81. inconclusive = not decisive 无定论的

82. inevitable = certain 必然地

83. ingenuity = creativity 独创性

84. initiate = introduce 开始，引进

85. innovation = change 创新

86. install = put in place 安装

87. integrated = combined 结合的

88. isolated = widely separated 隔离的

89. keen = intense 强烈的

90. leftover = remaining 剩余的

91. lucrative = profitable 有利可图的

92. manipulated = skillfully used 巧妙处置

93. mobilize = put into action 动员

94. modest = relatively small = minute = tiny 微小的

95. motivated = encouraged 激发，鼓励（最大干扰项made it possible for）

96. mutual = shared 互相的

97. obligations = responsibilities 义务

98. on balance=overall = general 总的来说

99. ongoing = continuing持续

100. ornament = decoration 装饰

101. outweighs = exceeds 超过

102. oversee = supervise 监督

103. peak = the high point 顶峰 = maximum 最高

104. perplexing = puzzling 令人疑惑的

105. pertinent = relevant 相关的

106. pioneering = original 最初的

107. plague = cause trouble for 招致问题

108. plausible = likely 有可能（正确）的

109. portrayed = represented 表示，表现，说明

110. potent=powerful强有力的

111. potential = possible 有可能的

112. practically = almost 几乎

113. premise = assumption 假定

114. preserving = maintaining 保留

115. prevailing = dominant 盛行的

116. prior to = before 在之前

117. profound = significant 深远的，重大的 = severe 深刻的

118. proliferate = soared = increased dramatically 激增

119. prolific = highly productive多产的

120. prolonged = extended 延长

121. properties = characteristics 特点

122. prosperous = wealthy 繁荣的

123. pursue = practice 执行

124. readily = easily 轻易地

125. relatively = comparatively 相对地

126. relentless = without pause 不间断的

127. remarkable = impressive 杰出的

128. remnants=remains残余物

129. retained = kept 保持

130. ringed=surrounded环绕

131. rival = competing 敌对的，竞争的

132. rudimentary = primitive = simple 原始的

133. scale = size 规模、大小

134. self-sufficient = independent 自给自足的

135. simultaneously = at the same time 同时

136. stagnation = lack the growth 停滞

137. steadily = continually 稳定持续地

138. stimulated = encouraged 刺激

139. subsequent = later = succeeding = following 随后的

140. subsistence = survival生存

141. surplus = excess 过多的

142. swift = fast 快速的

143. ties =connections 联系

144. to some degree = to a certain extent 某种程度上

145. typified = characterized 典型的

146. undertook = began 着手

147. unprecedented = never before seen 前所未有的

148. vicinity=region（临近）地区

149. vigorous=lively有活力的

150. was accompanied by = occurred together with 伴随着

 

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