1. incentive = motivation = stimulus = impetus = stimulation 激励

2. constituent = component = piece = part 组成

3. gradual = slow 逐渐的

4. diffuse = spread = scatter = disperse 分散

5. severity = harshness = seriousness 严重性

6. congregate = gather = aggregate = compile = converge = put/come together = synthesize = combine 聚集

7. presumably = It is reasonable to assume = probably = most likely 大概是

8. compelling = persuasive = convincing 有说服力的

9. remarkable = impressive = striking = noticeable = noteworthy = dramatic 引人注目的

10. ultimately = eventually = finally = over time 最终地

11. in essence = basically = fundamentally 从本质上来说

12. foster = encourage = promote = facilitate = stimulate = prompt 促进

13. roughly = approximately 大约

14. prosperous = wealthy = flourishing = thriving 繁荣的

15. convert = change = alter = transform = modify 改变

16. subsequently = later 后来

17. exploit = make use of = utilize = harness = use 利用

18. outbreak = sudden increase = spurt = surge 激增

19. launch = start = initiate = begin = trigger 开始

20. adequate = rich = sufficient = plentiful = enough = abundant = copious充足的

21. continuous = uninterrupted = nonstop 未被中断的

22. exclusively = solely = only = merely = simply = just 仅仅

23. unfavorable = negative = detrimental = harmful = adverse 不利的

24. restricted = limited = constrained 受限的

25. adjacent = nearby = neighboring 邻近的

26. alleged = supposed 所谓的

27. perceive = see = regard = consider = view 视作

28. elevate = raise = enhance = improve  提高

29. ensure = guarantee 确保

30. conform to = match = correspond to = agree with 符合，相一致

31. prolong = extend = stretch 延伸

32. exhibit = display = indicate = signify显示

33. simultaneously = at the same time 同时

34. uniformly = consistently 一致地

35. critical = essential = key = crucial = significant = vital重要的

36. extract = remove 提取

37. margin = end = limit 边缘

38. vigorous = energetic = lively = vibrant 充满活力的

39. accumulate = collect = increase 积累

40. counter = combat = act against 对抗

41. widespread = common = pervasive = prevailing = current普遍的

42. integrate = combine = synthesize 整合

43. halt = stop = cease 停止

44. arduous = difficult = burdensome = daunting 艰巨的

45. dictate = determine 决定

46. mimic = reproduce = duplicate = copy = imitate复制

47. conventional = standard = traditional 惯例的

48. vast = huge = enormous = immense = tremendous = extensive = monumental巨大的

49. plausible = likely （借口或解释）合理的

50. rudimentary = primitive = basic 原始的

51. anticipate = predict 预期

52. virtually = nearly 几乎

53. predominantly = mainly 主要地

54. sustain = continue  维持

55. intermediate = between stages 中级的

56. endure = withstand 忍受

57. surplus = extra = excess 过多的

58. distinctive = recognizable = characteristic  个性鲜明的

59. abrupt = sudden 突然的

60. exhaust = use up = consume  耗尽

61. remnants = remains = leftovers = remainders残余物

62. suitable = appropriate = hospitable 合适的

63. hence = therefore = consequently = thereby = thus 因此

64. lucrative = profitable 有利可图的

65. elaborate = complex = with great details = complex = complicated = intricate = sophisticated复杂的

66. unprecedented = never before seen 前所未有的

67. cluster = group 群

68. devastate = destroy = demolish 破坏

69. unintentional= unplanned = inadvertent 无意的

70. episode = occurrence = event 发生的事件

71. proponent = supporter = advocate支持者

72. substantially = significantly = dramatically = drastically 极大地

73. obtain = gather = acquire = derive = secure = accomplish 获得

74. steadily = continually 稳定持续地

75. inevitably = necessarily = certainly = surely = unavoidably = undoubtedly 不可避免地

76. deliberately = intentionally 故意地

77. modest = moderate = small = little 少量的

78. intact = without breaking into pieces = complete 完好无损的

79. further = additionally = besides = in addition = furthermore 此外

80. fluctuation = variation 波动

81. inhibit = slow down = impede = retard = restrict = limit 抑制

82. refuge = protect = shelter 庇护

83. segregate = separate 分离

84. era = period = epoch 时代

85. ongoing = continuing 正在进行的

86. ambiguous = unclear 模棱两可的

87. nevertheless = even so = however 尽管如此

88. exceed = be more than = surpass = supersede 超过

89. retain = keep = sustain = maintain 保持

90. emergence = appearance/occurrence = rise 出现

91. precisely = accurately = faithfully 精确地

92. durable = lasting = permanent = persistent 持久的

93. optimum = ideal = perfect 最佳的 

94. delicate = fragile 脆弱的

95. intermittently = periodically = regularly 间歇地

96. relatively = comparatively 相对地

97. decisive = determining = conclusive 决定性的

98. verify = confirm = ascertain = determine = attest证实

99. vanish = disappear 消失

100. potentially = possibly 潜在地

101. reluctant = hesitant = unwilling 不情愿的

102. interpret = understand 理解

103. compensate = make up for 弥补

104. distinct = clear 明显的，清晰的

105. mount = grow = ascend = go up上升

106. account for = explain 解释

107. isolate = separate = segregate = detach使分离

108. vicinity = neighborhood = region附近地区

109. intense = strong = extreme强烈的

110. afford = provide 提供

111. assertion = claim 断言 

112. disrupted = disordered 扰乱的

113. exceedingly = extremely 极其地

114. reveal = show = reflect = indicate = signify 表明

115. ingenuity = cleverness 聪明才智

116. relentless = without pause 不间断的

117. encounter = come into contact with 遇见

118. counterpart = equivalent 对应物

119. on balance = overall 总的来说

120. mutual = shared = reciprocal互相的

121. consensus = widespread agreement 共识

122. accessible = available 可得到的

123. manipulate = skillfully use 熟练使用

124. pursue = practice = engage in 从事

125. subsistence = survival 生存

126. stagnation = lack the growth 停滞

127. implication = consequence 后果

128. duration = length of time 持续时间

129. diminish = reduce = detract = dwindle 减少

130. emit = release = give off 释放

131. couple with = combine with 将…和… 结合在一起

132. autonomy 自治 = independence

133. virtually = nearly 几乎

134. drawback = disadvantage 缺点

135. sequentially = one after another 接续地

136. particularly = especially 尤其

137. generation = production 产生

138. peak = maximum 最高点

139. occasionally = sometimes 偶尔

140. routinely = regularly = often 常规地

141. supplement = add to 补充

142. mechanism = means 机制，方法

143. vulnerable = defenseless = unprotected易受伤害的

144. relatively = comparatively 相对地

145. sparse = scarce = widely distributed 稀疏的

146. aptitude = ability = capacity 能力

147. stationary = fixed 固定的

148. prolong = extend = stretch 延长

149. progressively = increasingly 愈益

150. endure = withstand = tolerate忍受

 

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