P1 Keep a Watchful Eye on the Bridges桥梁检测 （20091107旧题重现）

P2 Fabric and Fiber人造面料和纤维

P3 Linguistics Studies 语言考古

 

朗阁教师冯昳点评

1. 本次考试整体程度中等。

2. 整体分析：涉及科技（P1和P2）和人文类（P3）

3. 主要题型：这一场考试在题型上仍然延续了今年考试的重点，主流基础题型依然为填空类和判断题。其中，填空类达到8题，且一篇为集中出题的图表题型，另一篇为Summary题型，总体来说难度偏低。此外，判断题则保持近期一贯两组10题左右出题风格，P2—T/F/NG（5道）以及P3—Y/N/NG（4道）。此外，在本场考试中，今年大热的乱序匹配题与考察理解的选择题数量非常多，达到了10月份的巅峰。其中，三篇文章都出现了匹配题（13道），P1和P3出现了选择题（10道）。应该来说乱序和理解题目的增加无疑增加了考试的难度。但是由于第一篇与第二篇的难度较低，所以从总体来说，此次考试的难度中等。

 

P1 Keep a watchful eye on the bridges   

文章主旨：如何利用技术来检测桥梁的损坏程度

选择4 ＋ 图表填空4 ＋ 配对5

 

参考答案：仅供参考

选择题 1-4

1.D

2.C

3.C

4.B

 

图表填空题 5-8

5.microwave dish

6.accelerometers

7.steel girders

8.flange

 

配对题 9-13

9.C

10.H

11.G

12.B

13.E

 

参考原文：

Most road and rail bridges are only inspected visually, if at all. Every few months, engineers have to clamber over the structure in an attempt to find problems before the bridge shows obvious signs of damage. Technologies developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, and Texas A&M University may replace these surveys with microwave sensors that constantly monitor the condition of bridges.

 

“The device uses microwaves to measure the distance between the sensor and the bridge, much like radar does,” says Albert Migliori, a Los Alamos physicist “Any load on the bridge – such as traffic induces displacements, which change that distance as the bridge moves up and down.” By monitoring these movements over several minutes, the researchers can find out how the bridge resonates. Changes in its behaviour can give an early warning of damage.

 

 The Interstate 40 bridge over the Rio Grande river in Albuquerque provided the researchers with a rare opportunity to text their ideas. Chuck Farrar, an engineer at Los Alamos, explains: “The New Mexico authorities decided to raze this bridge and replace it. We were able to mount instruments on it, test it under various load conditions and even inflict damage just before it was demolished.” In the 1960s and 1970s, 2500 similar bridges were built in the US. They have two steel girders supporting the load in each section. Highway experts know that this design is “fracture critical” because a failure in either girder would cause the bridge to fail.

 

After setting up the microwave dish on the ground below the bridge, the Los Alamos team installed conventional accelerometers at several points along the span to measure its motion. They then tested the bridge while traffic roared across it and while subjecting it to pounding from a “shaker”, which delivered precise punches to a specific point on the road.

 

 “We then created damage that we hoped would simulate fatigue cracks that can occur in steel girders,” says Farrar. They first cut a slot about 60 centimetres long in the middle of one girder. They then extended the cut until it reached the bottom of the girder and finally they cut across the flange – the bottom of the girder’s “I” shape.

 

The initial, crude analysis of the bridge’s behaviour, based on the frequency at which the bridge resonates, did not indicate that anything was wrong until the flange was damaged. But later the data were reanalysed with algorithms that took into account changes in the mode shapes of the structure – shapes that the structure takes on when excited at a particular frequency. These more sophisticated algorithms, which were developed by Norris Stubbs at Texas A&M University, successfully identified and located the damage caused by the initial cut.

 

 “When any structure vibrates, the energy is distributed throughout with some points not moving, while others vibrate strongly at various frequencies,” says Stubbs. “My algorithms use pattern recognition to detect changes in the distribution of this energy.” NASA already uses Stubbs’ method to check the behaviour of the body flap that slows space shuttles down after they land.

 

 A commercial system based on the Los Alamos hardware is now available, complete with the Stubbs algorithms, from the Quatro Corporation in Albuquerque for about $100,000. Tim Darling, another Los Alamos physicist working on the microwave interferometer with Migliori, says that as the electronics become cheaper, a microwave inspection system will eventually be applied to most large bridges in the US. “In a decade I would like to see a battery or solar-powered package mounted under each bridge, scanning it every day to detect changes,” he says.

 

P2 The Future of Fabric and Fiber  （原文待补充）

文章主旨: 复合纤维的发展史

段落填空4＋判断5＋配对4

 

参考答案: 仅供参考

段落填空题 14-17

14.barriers

15.hollow

16.static electricity

17.space

 

判断题 18-22

18.待补充

19.待补充

20.待补充

21.待补充

22.待补充

 

人名观点匹配题 23-26

23.待补充

24.待补充

25.待补充

26.待补充

 

P3 Discovering the language families  （原文待补充）

文章主旨: 不同学者对语言学研究的探讨

选择6 ＋ 段落配对4 ＋ 判断4

 

参考答案: 仅供参考

选择题 27-30

27.待补充

28.待补充

29.待补充

30.待补充

31.待补充

32.待补充

 

段落配对题 33-36

33.待补充

34.待补充

35.待补充

36.待补充

 

判断题 37-40

37.YES

38.YES

39.NO

40.NOT GIVEN

 

考试预测

1. 本场考试难度中等，文章选材涉及科技及文化类，考生可在备考时关注相应高频主题词。

2. 此次考试中，三篇文章一旧两新。第一篇是20091107的旧题重现。考生复习备考时可借机经熟悉雅思阅读真题文章行文思路和逻辑，辅助深化理解。

3. 从题型方面来看，P1中为填空和选择加判断类，P2中为选择加判断和匹配型，P3中是匹配和选择搭配判断型。从整体的题型来看，此次的考试题型偏常规。针对此，考生可以利用剑桥真题和机经复习和巩固常规题型。另外就本次考试难易度来看，考生反映第一篇与第二篇相对来说比较容易，而第三篇文章长且题目难。因此建议考生在平时做题训练时应该加强对套题题型先后顺序的训练，同时加强对每一题型做题方法训练，提升阅读速度，加强对考点的把握，并且平时刷题练习时一定要注意时间的把握控制以适应考试时的紧张感。另外，此次考试反映出配对题和选择题在考试中的所占的比重有上升的趋势，建议考生在对填空判断这两类主流基础题型练习的同时，还应加强对配对和选择题的练习。

4. 下场考试的话题可能有关自然现象类和社会人文类话题。

5.重点浏览14-16年机经。

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